Sébillot Paul, Paul-Yves Sébillot
The ethnologist Paul Sébillot (1843-1918) dedicated to the 'personnages surnaturels "or" revenants "doing the laundry day and especially at night - hence the "lavandières" Brittany - a few pages of Volume II of his The folk-lore de France (first edition 1905), in the paragraphs entitled Les lessives merveilleuses [1] and Habitants et des Rivières hantises [2] .
Concerning beliefs and legends of Brittany, Sébillot recalls and summarizes several examples folk, who gathered in the Upper and Lower Britain, which mention briefly below.
Les lessives merveilleuses
• The fairies of Upper Brittany washed and stretched on the grass of white linen, who was able to reach it without blinking, he could take it away. Some washed from midnight onwards to reach the laundry washed by human laundresses, who found themselves in the morning perfectly clean ["Paul Sébillot. Trad de la Haute-Bretagne , t. I, p. 92. 124 '].
• There are "laundresses in the night" evil "that are not content to wait for the people at the laundry, but that penetrate into homes," as narrated in the history Celle qui la nuit lavait , which in summary proposes Sébillot ['A. Le Braz. Légende de la Mort , t. II, p. 259-263 "], and in a story reported by similar F.-M. Luzel ['in Société archéologique du Finistère , t. XXI, p. 461 '].
• The laundry at night, for most cases, the death penalty imposed on women who "atone for a crime or a grave sin committed in the course of their lives. " In the department of Ille-et-Vilaine it comes to infanticide mothers "to look in vain to get rid of the traces of their crimes" ["Paul Sébillot. Traditions de la Haute-Bretagne , t. I, p. 229 '].
• "The linen that Kannerez-Noz Low Britain have to passers-by sometimes contains a baby crying and cola in the blood" ["Paul Sébillot. Oral Littérature de la Haute-Bretagne , p. 203. D'après une lettre de FM Luzel '].
• Around Dinan night some laundresses wash "the bones of children who die without baptism; their appearance presages a death "[" Lucie de V.-H., in Rev. des Trad pop. , t. XV, p. 620 ']. • High
In Britain, women who have washed on Sunday must atone for the guilt to wash, at the same hour, day or night, "in which they have violated the Sunday rest 'for most of the time are invisible [ "Paul Sébillot. Trad de la Haute-Bretagne , t. I, p. 248 '].
• The 'night' laundry 'of Lower Brittany ("bretonnant du pays") are rubbed with the laundry too much energy for the poor "to save the soap," as reported by Le Men, for penance must wash in odd hours of the night and carry stones, but no sign Sébillot use of the stone rubbing cloths [3] ["The Men in Revue Celtique, t. I, p. 421 ']. • A
Chantepie (Ille-et-Vilaine), the wash every night a widow washes the sheets, dirty laundry, in which avarice had buried her husband ['A. Orain. Promenade d'automne aux environs de Rennes . Rennes, 1884, p. 12. It is said that her husband left the tomb and handed the cloth that she was alive, he had to try to clean up]. In some villages of Britain is believed instead to return every night to wash is a dead which was wrapped in a dirty sheet ["Paul Sébillot. Notes sur les Traditions , p. 6 '].
• In the vicinity of the castle of the wash-Plessix Pillet - tells a legend of the area around Rennes - is heard at midnight to beat a spoon: it is a midwife who failed to clean his shirt stained with blood assigned to wash, per night based, by the Lord of Change, when he had severed a vein, "to sign a pact with the devil '[' A. Orain. The Sire de Change . Rennes, sd, in-12, p. 14 ']. • According to Paul
Féval, the 'night' laundry 'of Morbihan sing a chorus "whose origin is quite dubious popular" Twist Mop, Torch The shroud of the wives of the dead '"(" Torso [ sic] the guenille, / Tors / The Suaire épouses des des morts) [' Paul Féval. Les Dernières Fées '].
• In the song of "laundresses in the night" in Lower Britain, sometimes called They come Kannerez Noz, "chanteuses de nuit ', there is an explanation of the" nature of their punishment "and" how they will end: " Until he is a Christian savior - we need to wash our sheets, - under the snow and the wind " [4] [item taken from Les Lavandières de nuit in 'E. Souvestre. Le Foyer Breton, t. I, p. 152 ']. 
• A woman of Dinan, which had risen before dawn to go "au Doué Gourdais des Noes," there is already someone at work, most of her early morning. "When he came walking distance of the laundry, this outstretched arm holding the trowel, as if to mark them not to move forward." Just then the woman saw that the head of the laundry was a skull. This "laundry-skeleton" appeared in the same place several times ["Paul Sébillot. Oral Littérature, p. 202; Traditions, t. I, p. 250 '- thank Erwan Le Bihan Seure for allowing me to play here next to one of its beautiful illustrations].
• In Lower Brittany - Sébillot The intersigne summarizes the legend of "the étang ' by A. Le Braz [(1990): t. I, pp. 59-62] which I will discuss below [→ 7 ª parte ] - at night a girl passed near a pond on the other side and sees a washerwoman dressed à la mode du pays, then speaks to her and the woman says he is washing the sheet in which the next day will seppellito stesso padre della ragazza it ['A. The Braz. Legend of Death , t. I, p. 52 "]. • Nella prima
Menzione scritti relativa alla credenza (probabilmente antica ") German" lavandaie di notte "(Menzione" not very detailed nor very accurate "), alla fine del risalente XVIII secolo - nel Travel in Brittany di J. Camry - if dice: "The Washer, ar cane noz (night singers) invite you to tweak their machine, you break your arms if you help with a bad grace, and drown you if you refuse." It rischio di come affogati, osserva Sebillot, was not reflected in the stories collected since ['Cambry. Voyage dans le Finistère , p. 40 '].
• Boucher de Perthes give notice of a cannerez- Nooz (name, wrongly - Notes Sébillot - translates as' laveuse "instead of" Chanteuse de nuit "), you can meet at some fountains: it presents a sheet from twisting and turning to travelers in the same direction to get their hands severed ["Boucher de Perthes. Chants armoricains , p. 204 '].
• Washerwomen begged a woman Landéda (Finistère), which at night was returning from a christening-feast, to give them a hand. Because it hurt, threatened her with the ladle. Then stepped in what seemed to be their superior, telling the woman: "You're lucky to have brought an innocent man in the church, otherwise so well t'avrei cake disattorta, twisted than ever unravel the skeins would not be able to unravel what I would have done to you '[' LF Sauvé, in Annuaire des Trad pop. , 1888, p. 16-18 '].
• "A garçon" (perhaps to be understood as 'a bachelor') of Leon, who had happily spent the night of All Saints, he stumbled in with a wash- Kannerez noz, "chanteuses de nuit ', it is the legend Les Lavandières de nuit collected by Souvestre, Sébillot proposes that the essential elements in [' E. Souvestre. Le Foyer Breton, t. I, p. 152-154 "].
• 'High In Britain, there is no such tragic stories, but is believed to be dangerous in the wrong direction to twist the sheets at night with the laundresses' [' Paul Sébillot. Trad de la Haute-Bretagne , t. I, p. 248 '].
• A La Roche-Derrien believed to be the other way is to twist the sheet, to avoid swelling and does not drip more water, but you will see a corpse, and "the fée "then turns faster, attract the victim on the shoulder to throw a fold of the napkin and wrap it around ['N. Quellien. Contes et nouvelles du Pays de Tréguier , p. 76 "].
• Around Dinan "a male character whose nature is not clearly determined," the teurdous (twisting), but not washing laundresses offers his help in wringing the laundry, and if they accept, their breaks arms ["Paul Sébillot. Notes sur les trans. de la Haute-Bretagne , ext. de l'archive, p. 5 '].
These testimonies related to Britain alternate, of course, similar to other actors from the regional or departmental level.
The last three paragraphs of the paragraph are dedicated solely to the rational explanation of the origin of "superstition of laundresses in the night" and "geographical distribution" of belief.
The "superstition" - according to some - may have been born in people, upon hearing the verses of the night like a frog or a small frog, just exchanged them for the shots of a laundry scoop. It is also possible that some of the laundresses night are not revenantes , but women living during the day did not have time to wash, or who are ashamed to be seen while doing a job "beneath their condition."
The belief in "laundresses in the night" is particularly widespread in western France, especially in Britain: of the 32 samples collected from Sébillot in Chapter V: Les eaux dormantes (pp. 388-466), 24 are from ' West, 8 from Lower Brittany, 9 by the High Kingdom, are added to these three legends of Brittany revenantes who wash in the rivers (two of Upper Britain, one of Lower Britain).
hantises Habitants et des Rivières [5]
• In and around bridge Kergoet (Morbihan) is a washerwoman Revenant . It is believed to be a seizure, while washing annegatasi, who returns to do his penance if he could touch him into a passer-channel ['F. Marquer, in Rev. des Trad pop. , t. VII, p. 69 ']. • A
Calorguen at Dinan, in the evening of All Saints will hear three shots ladle data from a woman who lost her life washing on the shore of the channel ['Paul Sébillot. Trad de la Haute-Bretagne , t. I, p. 250-251 "].
• In ancient bridges that are near and Bécherel Tinténiac (Ille-et-Vilaine), after the 22 are women who wash, when you get closer, you see "a kind of light" and the laundresses' say: "Follow your own course, I do what I ordered" ["Paul Sébillot. Les Travaux Publics , p. 197 '].
• At the bridge Planche, necessary step along the road between Saint-Malo and Saint-Servan, "Washerwomen's spin with their white hair, they wash the sheets' if a young man who goes beyond midnight meets the their jokes, the laundresses 'forced him to twist them together and break the limbs "[' F. Duine, in Rev. des Trad pop. , t. XV, p. 505 ']. • The banks
rivers and canals on the outskirts of Dinan was often visited by the laundresses night 'rather ill-defined, "but evil, and these stopped the barges and boats all'alaggio were run like tops, as well as to get to the bottom conductors and horses [' Elvire de Cerny. Contes et Legends de Bretagne, p. 25 '].
Sébillot also reported, as the only reported case of 'night' laundry ', the traditional Breton-high on the nuit de Lavous , be very afraid - a special kind of werewolf - which appears , although quite often along streams. It acts as the "washerwoman's night 'breaks the arts who agrees to help wring out the laundry, however, is "without power on the men who carry with them a blessed object, and it also seems compelled to reject them" ["Lucie de V.-H ., in Rev. des Trad pop. , t. XV, p. 620 '] [6] .
On some pages de La Bretagne et ses Traditions [7] Paul-Yves Sébillot deals "laveuses 'or' lavandières de nuit" Breton, who believes "revenants Night "which is imposed as a penance to wash the laundry. Taking
before around some of the examples collected by his father - not without inaccuracies or textual variations -, proposes a few short stories in summary form, lists and explains the beliefs and certain elements of legend, including the following.
• The tale of the chorus and Souvestre [8] the "song" sung by the laundresses, which in Lower Britain are called "des kannerien noz (chanteuses de nuit)" and wash the shroud of the dying or your own. • One of
Contes de Bretagne Féval Paul, where it is said that while a laundress twists the shroud [9] along with its victim, and other dance sing a song 'patois en français breton', 'of which [Féval] gives a translation of literary and whose refrain is "Twist the rag! Flashlight / The shroud / Of the spouses [ sic] of the dead '"(" the Tords guenille! Tors / The Suaire / Des Epoux des morts " [10] ).
• A legend in which it is said that the late nineteenth century, in places Coëfferie (Coesmes, Ille et Vilaine), a girl interpellated a washerwoman unknown that could be seen in public wash after midnight and was called "the Bedouin"; asked her if she wanted to put the memorial of candles or in which he received on the face of a bundle of linen, fell backward and lost consciousness. "The Bedouin disappeared and the girl became crazy."
• An item taken from Paul Sébillot as reported by the laundresses of the bridges and at Bécherel Tinténiac: washerwomen night, "said the passerby who sees them or the questions:" Follow your road, I make what I ordered '"- P.-Y. Sébillot but does not mention here, as elsewhere, its source, ie in this case the writings of his father.
• "far more natural explanation 'of the tradition on" laundresses at night': they are women who could not wash clothes day or who had the means to have it washed by others. If disturbed, they could behave like the Bedouin ("which, perhaps, he blackened his face to avoid being recognized), or even insist that those indiscreet to continue on their way, letting them make their" repentance ".
• The explanation given by George Sand about the laundresses of Berry: the noise is thought to be made by laundresses from the ladle, is actually produced by a species of frog.
• The possible spread of the belief by some priest in order to counter infanticide and the work performed on Sundays, and "compel them to bury their dead in a dignified manner."
[1] P. Sébillot (1968): 423-31. To do the laundry are mostly female beings: they are "sentenced to death of Atonement," and only in some legends of women that "if rattachent au monde de la féerie" [p. 423].
[2] P. Sébillot (1968): 339-61.
[3] Yann Brekilien [(1994): 242] notes that the common people burst out laughing when he talks about "washed with stones", probably bins legends were 'victims spirit faceto dei della contadini Cornovaglia o del Trégor, perched anche i Poveri, i loro mezzi mancando, non hanno dato da May lavare Biancheria alle loro lavandaie.
[4] "Until he comes a Christian savior - We must clear our shroud - Under the snow and wind" [P. Sebillot (1968): 427].
[5] P. Sebillot (1968): 352-3.
[6] P. Sebillot (1968): 352.
[7] P.-Y. Sebillot (1998): 181-4.
[8] " Ken na Zeu Kristen Salver / Red e goelc'hri liçer / Dindane year earc'h ag aer year! "ritornello tradotto così da P.-Y. Sebillot: "Until the advent of the Christian savior, / We must wash our shroud, / Under the snow and wind" ("Fino all'arrivo cristiano di salvatore, / Bisogni lavare it nostro lenzuolo / Sotto's neve e il vento '[Sebillot P.-Y. (1998): 182].
[9] P.-Y. Sebillot [(1998): 183] the indica anche possibilità di far scomparire the laundresses, inviting you to twist the sheets, making a sign of the cross.
[10] In P. Sébillot [(1968): 427], as we have seen, the refrain was "Tors [ sic] the guenille, / Tors / The Suaire épouses des des morts."
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